"SUP"

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This paper presents a pair of related arguments against the interpretation (and expansion) of Section 1960(b)(2) put forth by the government in the Tornado Cash prosecution.

A comprehensive outlook on the upcoming Ethereum Pectra upgrade: a detailed overview of the technological improvements and optimizations included in the upgrade.

This article discusses the limitations of the forced inclusion mechanism in addressing transaction censorship issues. Although systems like Arbitrum and Optimism use this mechanism, allowing users to request that specific transactions be included within a certain timeframe, on rich-state chains, sequencers can still cause these transactions to fail by modifying the shared state.

MEV-Boost heavily relies on centralized participants like relays. Paradigm has proposed an alternative architecture that enables direct, privacy-preserving communication between builders and proposers. This is based on a novel, non-interactive form of "silent" threshold encryption, which can utilize the existing BLS keys of validators.

Vitalik Buterin provides a detailed introduction to Binius, a highly efficient proof system based on binary fields. The article first reviews the concepts of finite fields and arithmetization, explaining how SNARK and STARK proof systems work by converting program statements into polynomial equations. Vitalik points out that although Plonky2 has proven that using smaller 64-bit and 31-bit fields can significantly improve the efficiency of proof generation, Binius further enhances efficiency by operating directly on zeros and ones, taking advantage of the features of binary fields. Binius uses multivariate polynomials to represent computational traces and employs a series of mathematical tricks, including the concept of hypercubes and Reed-Solomon encoding, to construct proofs. Vitalik believes that the direct computational ability of binary fields and operations on bits are key to Binius's efficiency.

This article briefly analyzes the Bitcoin Ordinals protocol with pictures and text.

Sui is a PoS L1 blockchain with a novel architecture whose object-centric model enables parallelization of transactions through verifier level scaling. In this research paper the unique features of the Sui blockchain will be introduced, the economic prospects of SUI tokens will be presented, and it will be explained how investors can learn about which dApps are driving the use of the chain through the Sui application campaign.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the transformative role of stablecoins in the fintech sector, exploring how they are revolutionizing the movement of funds by offering low-cost cross-border transfers, instant settlements, and convenient access to global currencies. It also introduces major stablecoins in the market, such as USDT, USDC, DAI, First Digital USD, and PYUSD, and discusses the growth potential and use cases of stablecoins in cross-border payments, DeFi applications, and the global financial system.

Our goal here is to do an overview of all these proposals, figure out what technical patterns they share, figure out what kinds of new opcodes and other soft fork upgrades they need to function, and create a comparison table of how all the parts fit together. Along the way we’ll also define what an L2 protocol actually is, what kind of scaling Lightning is already capable of, and get an understanding of what improvements we need to do to mempools to achieve all this.

This paper explores the diversity and application scenarios of DeFi leverage through dYdX V4, analyzes code level vulnerabilities, and puts forward the key security points of the leverage protocol.

In 2025, with the positive shift in U.S. policies (including President Trump's support for the crypto industry), the launch of the Bitcoin ETF, and interest rate cuts by major economies, the crypto asset market is expected to continue its strong growth. This article explores how Bitcoin's perception is changing, the improvement of market conditions, and the advancement of tokenization technologies, all of which will create new growth opportunities for digital assets.

This article, through three events—Trump’s airstrike, Mamdani’s election victory, and Cluely’s fundraising—reveals how attention, narrative, and speculation have become the three pillars of the new economic order. We are entering an era dominated by the "attention-speculation-resource allocation" paradigm.

Since the emergence of tokenized private credit in 2021, it has evolved into what we now refer to as RWA (real-world assets) after considerable development. Its presence supplements the intermediate zone of risk management in the crypto world, partly fulfilling the needs of investors for diversified investment portfolios, alternative sources of income, introduction of diverse collateral, and enriching on-chain asset management.

This article explores the difficulty of upgrading Bitcoin, pointing out that this is mainly due to concerns about reduced rewards after halving, which has led to many hard forks. A review of Bitcoin's past few hard forks and an introduction to the experimental hard fork currently planned by LayerTwolabs. Although Bitcoin has always faced route issues, it is still seeking opportunities on a different path.

This article outlines a blueprint for a future monetary system that harnesses the transformative potential of tokenization to improve existing structures and open up new possibilities.